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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the safety and effect of L-carnitine combined with tadalafil in the treatment of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) with erectile dysfunction (ED).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We randomly divided 140 cases of LOH with ED aged 40 -70 years into a treatment and a control group to receive L-carnitine + tadalafil and testosterone undecanoate + tadalafil, respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, we obtained the scores on IIEF-5 and Aging Male Symptoms (AMS), observed changes in the levels of sex hormones, analyzed the results of the routine blood test and PSA level, and evaluated the safety of medication.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Finally, 110 cases were included, 60 in the treatment group and 50 in the control. After 8 weeks of medication, the IIEF-5 and AMS scores were significantly improved as compared with the baseline both in the treatment group (17.7 +/- 3.5 vs 10.2 +/- 2.7 and 36.2 +/- 6.5 vs 48.8 +/- 5.8) and in the control group (16.7 +/- 2.6 vs 9.3 +/- 2.4 and 35.8 +/- 6.6 vs 50.7 +/- 5.0) (both P < 0.05), with no significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). As for the safety of medication, there were no significant differences between the two groups before and after treatment (P > 0.05). Two patients in the control group showed a PSA level > 4 microg/L, which was confirmed to be caused by prostatitis during follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>L-carnitine combined with tadalafil is safe and effective for the treatment of LOH with ED.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Carbolines , Therapeutic Uses , Carnitine , Therapeutic Uses , Erectile Dysfunction , Drug Therapy , Hypogonadism , Drug Therapy , Tadalafil , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Most of the literatures on laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) versus open partial nephrectomy (OPN) focus on technical details and early or mid-term oncologic outcomes, reflecting that the approach is safe and provides midterm benefits compared with traditional open surgery. However, the difference of long-term oncologic outcome between LPN and OPN remains unclear. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the long-term oncologic outcome of LPN in the treatment of localized renal tumors compared with that of OPN.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A systematic search of electronic databases including Medline, Embase, and Cochrane library was conducted. Comparative studies reporting on long-term oncologic outcome of LPN versus OPN were regarded eligible. The odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the oncologic outcomes. The methodologic quality of the included studies was evaluated using the strict criteria of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Six comparative studies (1495 participants including 555 LPN and 940 OPN) were included in the present study. There was no significant difference between LPN and OPN in 5-year overall survival (OS) rates (OR = 1.83, 95% CI (0.80, 4.19)), 5-year cancer specific survival (CSS) rates (OR = 1.09, 95% CI (0.62, 1.92)), and 5-year recurrence free survival (RFS) rates (OR = 0.68, 95% CI (0.37, 1.26)).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results of this meta-analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in long-term oncologic outcome between LPN and OPN for treatment of localized renal tumors.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Kidney Neoplasms , General Surgery , Laparoscopy , Nephrectomy , Methods , Survival Rate , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This article was to review the current status of adult mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for muscle regeneration in urinary tract and propose the future prospect in this field.</p><p><b>DATA SOURCES</b>The data used in this review were mainly obtained from articles listed in Medline and PubMed (2000-2013). The search terms were "mesenchymal stem cells", "bladder", "stress urinary incontinence" and "tissue engineering".</p><p><b>STUDY SELECTION</b>Articles regarding the adult mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering of bladder and stress urinary incontinence were selected and reviewed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Adult mesenchymal stem cells had been identified and well characterized in human bone marrow, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and urine, and demonstrated the capability of differentiating into smooth muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells under myogenic differentiation conditions in vitro. Multiple preclinical and clinical studies indicated that adult mesenchymal stem cells could restore and maintain the structure and function of urinary muscle tissues after transplanted, and potentially improve the quality of life in patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Smooth or skeletal myogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells with regenerative medicine technology may provide a novel approach for muscle regeneration and tissue repair in urinary tract. The long-term effect and safety of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation should be further evaluated before this approach becomes widely used in patients.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Cell Differentiation , Physiology , Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation , Muscles , Cell Biology , Regeneration , Physiology , Tissue Engineering , Urinary Bladder , Physiology , Urinary Incontinence, Stress , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss the procedure and clinical effect of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephropexy (RLN). Methods: From August 2001 to June 2006, RLN was performed on 28 female patients aged 26-45 years old (mean, 34±2.5) with symptomatic nephroptosis, including 15 with the right kidney, 12 with the left, and 1 with both. The preoperative complaint of patients included subjective symptoms (constant and recurring pain in 28 patients) and objective symptoms (upper urinary infections in 16, hematuria in 12, and upper tract obstruction in 12). One patient underwent nephropexy via the transperitoneal approach and the others underwent nephropexy via the retroperitoneal approach. A retroperitoneoscopic procedure was performed after positioning the patients in the flank position. Digital preparation of the retroperitoneal space was made and standardized trocar was placed. The key step of the surgery was complete exposure of the kidney within Gerota' fascia, which was aimed to separate the potential adhesions between the colon and kidney or between the inferior blood vessels of the kidney. Nephropexy was performed between the fibrous capsule at the lower pole of the kidney and the dissected psoas muscle, using three sutures placed by intracorporeal technique or the percutaneous needle both for introduction and removal of the suture; the sutures were separately tied over the sacrospinalis fascia. Results: The mean operative time was (125±9) min (ranging 115-240 min); the mean postoperative hospital stay was (9±1.2) days, largely owing to the required 5-12 days' bed rest. During a mean follow-up of (24±4.2) months(ranging 3 to 70 months), 3 patients had paresthesia, 5 had constant and recurrent ache, 20 were completely free of pain, and 4 had micro-hematuria. One patient had further episodes of pyelonephritis and upper tract obstruction after operation. Intravenous pyelogram(IVP) revealed that the ptosis incorporated into more than one vertebral body in 2 patients. Postoperative renal function test showed an improvement in renal function. Conclusion: RLN is mini-invasive and has less complication. The procedure should be considered as one of the optimal therapy for nephroptosis.
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Objective: To summarize our experience on laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Methods: From August 2001 to Jun 2007, a total of 203 patients (128 male and 75 female, aged 21-74 years, with a mean of [45±2] years old) received laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Six patients had bilateral tumors. The diameters of the adrenal tumors or nodules were 0.4-18 cm. Results: The 203 patients received a total of 209 times of laparoscopic adrenalectomy: including 34 cases via transperitoneal approach, 166 via retroperitoneal approach and 3 via hand-assisted approach. The overall successful rate of laparoscopic adrenalectomy was 97.04% (197/203). Six person-times (2.96%) were converted to open operation due to bleeding or adhesion. The mean operation time was 135±35 min and the estimated blood loss was 40-250 ml (with a mean of 75±25 ml). The patients could get down the bed for activity 1-3 days after operation. The postoperative hospital stay was 7-10 days (with a mean of 7± 2 days). The complications included vena caval injury (1 case), pleural injury (1 case), lumbar hematoma (4 cases), and fat liquefaction (1 case). Conclusion: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has advantages for treating adrenal tumors. But different approaches should be chosen according to the size and pathological types of the tumors. Transperitoneal approach should be chosen for patients with larger tumors, for obese patients or for patients with bilateral lesions.
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Objective: To explore the procedures and clinical outcomes of retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy for early malignant renal tumors. Methods: A total of 21 patients (19 men and 2 women, with a mean age of 49 years) with early malignant renal tumors were subjected to retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy using ultrasound knife and electron microscopy. The 21 patients included 17 with clear cell renal carcinoma, 3 with granule cell renal carcinoma, and 1 with oxyphil cell renal carcinoma. The mean diameter of the tumors was (2.8±0.8) cm. Results: All the 21 cases underwent successful retroperitoneal partial nephrectomy without conversion to open operation. Mean surgical time was (105 ± 15) min and mean blood loss was (120 ± 22) ml. Four patients had a mean blood transfusion of 400 ml. One patient had urine leakage, with drainage volume of 200-300 ml; the drainage was stopped 15 days after operation when the drainage was less than 20 ml. The mean postoperative hospital stay was (9±2) days (7-17 days). No patients had local recurrence during a mean follow up of (20±4) months. Conclusion: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is feasible and safe.
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Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is gaining more and more popularity in treating patients with early renal carcinoma in recent years. Compared with radical nephrectomy, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is a mini-invasive, safe method with satisfactory postoperative survival rate. However, there were still limited laboratory and clinical data about laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, and the experimental data of traditional laparoscopic surgery and open surgery were still used. Based on the existing data and the authors' experience, this article proposes three hypotheses for the problems puzzling urologic surgeons; the authors hope to verify the hypotheses through basic or clinical research.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The University of Wisconsin colloid based preserving solution (UW solution) is the most efficient preserving solution for multiorgan transplantation. Unfortunately, unavailability of delayed organ preserving solutions hindered further progression of cardinal organ transplantation in China. In this study, we validated an organ preserving Changzheng Organ Preserving Solution (CZ-1 solution) and compared it with UW solution.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A series of studies were conducted on how and how long CZ-1 solution could preserve the kidneys, livers, hearts, lungs and pancreas of New Zealand rabbits and SD rats. Morphology of transplanted organs was studied by visible microscopy and electron microscopy; biochemical and physiological functions and the survival rate of the organs during prolonged cold storage were studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant difference between CZ-1 and UW solutions in preserving the kidneys, livers, hearts or lungs of rabbits; kidneys, livers, intestinal mucosa or pancreases of SD rats or five deceased donors' testicles. In some aspects, such as preserving rabbits' hearts, rats' intestinal mucosa and pancreases, the effect of CZ-1 solution was superior to UW solution. CZ-1 could safely preserve kidneys for 72 hours, livers for 24 hours, hearts for 18 hours and lungs for 8 hours for SD rats. Twelve kidneys preserved in cold CZ-1 solution for 22 - 31 hours were transplanted successfully and the mean renal function recovery time was (3.83 +/- 1.68) days.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CZ-1 solution is as effective as UW solution for organ preservation. The development of CZ-1 solution not only reduces costs and improves preservation of organs, but also promotes future development of organ transplantation in China.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rabbits , Adenosine , Pharmacology , Allopurinol , Pharmacology , China , Glutathione , Pharmacology , Heart , Physiology , Heart Transplantation , Methods , Insulin , Pharmacology , Intestine, Small , Physiology , Kidney , Physiology , Kidney Transplantation , Methods , Liver , Physiology , Liver Transplantation , Methods , Lung , Physiology , Lung Transplantation , Methods , Organ Preservation , Economics , Methods , Organ Preservation Solutions , Pharmacology , Pancreas , Physiology , Pancreas Transplantation , Methods , Pharmaceutical Solutions , Pharmacology , Raffinose , Pharmacology , Testis , PhysiologyABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss the procedure and clinical effect of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephropexy (RLN).Methods: From August 2001 to June 2006, RLN was performed on 28 female patients aged 26-45 years old (mean, 34±2.5) with symptomatic nephroptosis, including 15 with the right kidney, 12 with the left, and 1 with both. The preoperative complaint of patients included subjective symptoms (constant and recurring pain in 28 patients) and objective symptoms (upper urinary infections in 16, hematuria in 12, and upper tract obstruction in 12). One patient underwent nephropexy via the transperitoneal approach and the others underwent nephropexy via the retroperitoneal approach. A retroperitoneoscopic procedure was performed after positioning the patients in the flank position. Digital preparation of the retroperitoneal space was made and standardized trocar was placed. The key step of the surgery was complete exposure of the kidney within Gerota' fascia, which was aimed to separate the potential adhesions between the colon and kidney or between the inferior blood vessels of the kidney. Nephropexy was performed between the fibrous capsule at the lower pole of the kidney and the dissected psoas muscle, using three sutures placed by intracorporeal technique or the percutaneous needle both for introduction and removal of the suture; the sutures were separately tied over the sacrospinalis fascia. Results: The mean operative time was (125±9) min (ranging 115-240 min); the mean postoperative hospital stay was (9±1.2) days, largely owing to the required 5-12 days' bed rest. During a mean follow-up of (24±4.2) months(ranging 3 to 70 months), 3 patients had paresthesia, 5 had constant and recurrent ache, 20 were completely free of pain, and 4 had micro-hematuria. One patient had further episodes of pyelonephritis and upper tract obstruction after operation. Intravenous pyelogram(IVP) revealed that the ptosis incorporated into more than one vertebral body in 2 patients. Postoperative renal function test showed an improvement in renal function. Conclusion: RLN is mini-invasive and has less complication. The procedure should be considered as one of the optimal therapy for nephroptosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss the procedure and clinical effect of retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephropexy (RLN).Methods: From August 2001 to June 2006, RLN was performed on 28 female patients aged 26-45 years old (mean, 34±2.5) with symptomatic nephroptosis, including 15 with the right kidney, 12 with the left, and 1 with both. The preoperative complaint of patients included subjective symptoms (constant and recurring pain in 28 patients) and objective symptoms (upper urinary infections in 16, hematuria in 12, and upper tract obstruction in 12). One patient underwent nephropexy via the transperitoneal approach and the others underwent nephropexy via the retroperitoneal approach. A retroperitoneoscopic procedure was performed after positioning the patients in the flank position. Digital preparation of the retroperitoneal space was made and standardized trocar was placed. The key step of the surgery was complete exposure of the kidney within Gerota' fascia, which was aimed to separate the potential adhesions between the colon and kidney or between the inferior blood vessels of the kidney. Nephropexy was performed between the fibrous capsule at the lower pole of the kidney and the dissected psoas muscle, using three sutures placed by intracorporeal technique or the percutaneous needle both for introduction and removal of the suture; the sutures were separately tied over the sacrospinalis fascia. Results: The mean operative time was (125±9) min (ranging 115-240 min); the mean postoperative hospital stay was (9±1.2) days, largely owing to the required 5-12 days' bed rest. During a mean follow-up of (24±4.2) months(ranging 3 to 70 months), 3 patients had paresthesia, 5 had constant and recurrent ache, 20 were completely free of pain, and 4 had micro-hematuria. One patient had further episodes of pyelonephritis and upper tract obstruction after operation. Intravenous pyelogram(IVP) revealed that the ptosis incorporated into more than one vertebral body in 2 patients. Postoperative renal function test showed an improvement in renal function. Conclusion: RLN is mini-invasive and has less complication. The procedure should be considered as one of the optimal therapy for nephroptosis.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the induction of hairy roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and effect of some physical as well as chemical factors on the growth of hairy roots.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Hypocotyls and cotyledons of G. uralensis were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA9402 and A. rhizogenes R1601, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Hairy roots were induced by two strains of A. rhizogenes, and LBA9402 showed astronger infective ability. The frequency of transformation of hypocotyls was higher than that of cotyledons. Among the different media tested, WP medium yielded the fastest growth rate of hairy roots. Light inhibited the growth of hairy roots. The total amout of 5 flavonoids in hairy roots was 1.5 times as much as that in the callus, among them licochalcone content was 15.5 times as that of callus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The in vitro culture system of the hairy roots established laid a foundation for mass production of flavonoids by hairy root culture.</p>
Subject(s)
Chalcones , Metabolism , Culture Media , Culture Techniques , Methods , Flavonoids , Metabolism , Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Genetics , Microbiology , Light , Plant Roots , Genetics , Metabolism , Plants, Medicinal , Genetics , Microbiology , Plasmids , Rhizobium , Genetics , Physiology , Transformation, GeneticABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents in hairy roots of Cassia obtusifolia.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The hairy roots of C. obtusifolia were induced with Agrobacterium rhizogenes LBA9402 from cotyledons and cultured in MSO liquid medium. The compounds were isolated by silica gel, polyamide and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and the structures were elucidated by employing chemical and spectral methods</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Eight compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of 95% EtOH extract of the transformed roots of C. obtusifolia. They are betulinic acid, chrysophanol, physcion, stigmasterol, 1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone, 8-O-methylchrysophanol, 1-O-methylchrysophanol and aloe-emodin, and aloe-emodin was isolated from the hairy roots of C. obtusifolia for the first time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The hairy roots of C. obtusifolia have the ability to synthesize the similar chemical constituents as the original plants.</p>
Subject(s)
Anthraquinones , Chemistry , Cassia , Chemistry , Microbiology , Cotyledon , Microbiology , Culture Media , Emodin , Chemistry , Plant Roots , Chemistry , Microbiology , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Microbiology , Rhizobium , Tissue Culture Techniques , Methods , Triterpenes , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of carbon source and nitrogen source on callus growth, and flavonoid content in Glycyrrhiza uralensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Induction and culture of callus were conducted in the media of different concentrations of sucrose, and fructose and ratio of NH4+/NO3- ,and flavonoid content was measured by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The results showed that fructose was superior to sucrose for callus growth and flavonoid formation, and the optimum concentration was 2%. The flavonoids content was 2 times higher than that of sucrose as carbon sources. In the range of 2% -6% of fructose concentration, the flavonoid content was decreased along with the concentration of fructose, but the licochalcone was increased 5-fold. The highest flavonoid content of 151.47 microg x g(-1) was obtained when the ratio of NH4+/NO3- in the medium was 1/2. NH; inhibited the callus growth and flavonoid formation of G. uralensis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Fructose as carbon source was superior to sucrose for callus growth and flavonoid formation, and NO3- was favorable to the callus growth and flavonoids accumulation.</p>
Subject(s)
Culture Media , Pharmacology , Disaccharides , Pharmacology , Flavonoids , Fructose , Pharmacology , Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Metabolism , Nitrates , Pharmacology , Nitrogen Compounds , Pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal , Metabolism , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds , Pharmacology , Sucrose , Pharmacology , Tissue Culture TechniquesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the germplasm of Rehmannia glutinosa on the basis of photosynthetic pigment contents (PPC).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>20 cultivars were planted on the same condition. On Oct. 23 and Sept. 25, 3 leaves per cultivar were collected on different plants, and 80 mg mesophyll was collected among upper lateral veins and was ground in 96% alcohol, and the supernatant was subjected to measure on a spectrophotometer (Angilent 8453).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The PPCs among cultivars were significantly different at a P < or = 0.01 level. The results of the measurements were similar. Chlolophyll a was the most abundant pigment, but varied to a great extent among different cultivars. 20 cultivars were divided into 9 homogeneous groups according to the contents of chlorophyll a by Duncan's multiple range test at P < or = 0.05. In addition, the content of chlorophyll a was closely related to leaf color. The cultivars with higher chlolophyll a had deep green leaves, and those with lower had yellow green or pale green leaves.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PPC was an inherent character and an important index for the germplasm evaluation of R. glutinosa.</p>
Subject(s)
Chlorophyll , Color , Photosynthesis , Pigments, Biological , Plant Leaves , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Rehmannia , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To control the quality of Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis the contents of lignans in these plants from different provinces were detected.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>HPLC was adopted using Hypersil-18 column (0.4 cm x 25 cm), methanol: acetonitrile: water (30:5:65) as mobile phase.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The calibration curves of D1(gaultherinA), D2[(-)-5'-methoxyisolariciresinol-2 alpha-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside)], D4[(+)-lyoniresinol-2 alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside)] were linear in the range of 0.10-0.40 microgram, 0.03-0.13 microgram, 0.02-0.09 microgram, respectively. The average recovery of D1 was 98.9% and RSD was 2.6%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Comparing the samples from Jinxiou(158.2 mg.100 g)-1 and Kumming(154.8 mg.100 g)-1, that of Guiyang showed the highest content of LD(208.8 mg.100 g)-1. The content of LD in the tender above-ground part was 1.3 times higher than that in the wilt.</p>
Subject(s)
Benzoates , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Gaultheria , Chemistry , Glycosides , Lignans , Plant Roots , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Quality ControlABSTRACT
Objective: To probe into the etiology of the sever e post-renal transplantation infection and its diagnosis and t reatment. Methods: A retrospective analysis was made on the seve re infected cases among 1 504 renal transplantation cases. Results: (1)The infected rate in the whole group was 23.74%,and 14.01% of the infecti on cases was severely involved. (2) About 86% of the severe infection occurred within 6 months after operation and as high as 82% of the patients were successf ully rescued by various etiological treatment. (3) The main etiological causes according to their frequency and type were: Bacteria(Mycobacterium tub erculosis, Pseudomonas, Aureus staphylococcus, Bacillus cloacae, etc.); Fungus (Candida albians, Candida tropicals, Penicillum patulum). Cytomegalo virus also often appeared. Conclusion: (1) Infection is one of t h e common complications after renal transplantation and severe infection is an im portant cause of death. (2) Correct diagnosis and combined therapy in time may improve its success rate. (3) Characterized germ spectrum exists in severe post -renal transplantation infection and its role is of great importance to clinica l management.
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Objective: To probe into the etiology of the sever e post-renal transplantation infection and its diagnosis and t reatment. Methods: A retrospective analysis was made on the seve re infected cases among 1 504 renal transplantation cases. Results: (1)The infected rate in the whole group was 23.74%,and 14.01% of the infecti on cases was severely involved. (2) About 86% of the severe infection occurred within 6 months after operation and as high as 82% of the patients were successf ully rescued by various etiological treatment. (3) The main etiological causes according to their frequency and type were: Bacteria(Mycobacterium tub erculosis, Pseudomonas, Aureus staphylococcus, Bacillus cloacae, etc.); Fungus (Candida albians, Candida tropicals, Penicillum patulum). Cytomegalo virus also often appeared. Conclusion: (1) Infection is one of t h e common complications after renal transplantation and severe infection is an im portant cause of death. (2) Correct diagnosis and combined therapy in time may improve its success rate. (3) Characterized germ spectrum exists in severe post -renal transplantation infection and its role is of great importance to clinica l management.
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Objective To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics,diagnosis and differential diagnosis,and the neoplastic nature of renal angiomyolipoma(RAML).Methods A retrospective study was done by reviewing the clinical information of 62 cases(20 men and 42 women;age range,24-73 years; mean age,46 years)of RAML.HE and immunohistochemical staining were performed on paraffin-embedded tissues with a panel of antibodies including HMB45,Melan-A/MART-1,smooth muscle actin(SMA),Ki-67 and P53.Results Of the 62 cases,42 presented with clinical symptoms,and 6 had concomitantly tuber- ous sclerosis.Most of the tumors were sharply demarcated from the surrounding kidney parenchyma.Histolog- ically,the tumors were composed of 3 components in different proportions:abnormal blood vessels,variously differentiated smooth muscle cells and adipose tissues.No vascular infiltration was observed.In these cases, mixed type was in 38 cases(61.3%) ,myomatous type in 14(22.6%),lipomatous type in 10(16.1%) according to classification criteria.Immunohistochemically,the tumor cells were positive for HMB45,Melan- A/MART-1 and SMA.The expression of Ki-67 protein was negative in most eases,and that of P53 was nega- tive in all.Follow-up lasted 1-7 years,and all the cases were alive with no evidence of recurrence and me- tastasis.Conclusions RAML is mostly of mixed type.No vascular infiltration is one of its histologic fea- tures,Immunohistochemically,RAML is characterized by positive expression of HMB45,Melan-A/MART-1 and SMA.The low or negative expression of Ki-67 and P53 protein indirectly support that RAML is a benign tumor.